The reference style commonly referred to as “Chicago” originates from The Chicago Manual of Style, which has a much broader scope than only prescribing a reference format. The manual permits a much wider range of variations in reference style than most do, so it’s important to check with your lecturer about their expectations before proceeding. The style requires an in-text notation which is placed immediately after the text to which it refers, and also a full citation located elsewhere. As a general rule, an in-text citation will refer to a footnote containing a reference, and a full bibliography (containing both referenced and unreferenced but relevant sources) will be placed at the end of the text. Remember that consistency in applying this format is paramount.
Reference list
Books:
Author. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication.
Book chapters:
Author. “Title of Chapter.” Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication.
Journal articles:
Author. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page numbers.
Articles from a database:
Use a DOI number, if available, or else use the database name or homepage URL, or the full URL to the resource. A stable URL or permalink is preferred.
Author. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page numbers. doi:Digital Object Identifier.
Author. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page numbers. http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxxxxx.
Author. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page numbers. Name of Database or URL.
Website:
Author. "Title of Webpage." Publisher of Website. Accessed date. URL.
Items with multiple authors:
If there are between two and ten authors, reverse the order of the first author’s first name and place a comma preceding an ‘and’ before the last author’s name:
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, Franz Anton Hoffmeister, and Muzio Clementi.
If there are eleven or more authors, reverse the order of the first author’s name and include the first seven authors’ names followed by ‘et al.’:
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, Franz Anton Hoffmeister, Muzio Clementi, Ignaz Pleyel, Franz Krommer, Luigi Cherubini, Franz Xavier Sussmayr, et al.
In-text citation
Irrespective of the type of work, insert a super-scripted footnote number to direct the reader to the relevant footnote.
General example:
This view originated in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian war.1
Example of quotations:
Smith noted that “a general staff was now a critical consideration in the constitution of European armies.” 1
Footnotes
If the work is being cited for the first time then a full citation must be given. If it is referred to again on the same page then use a shortened form. When a reference to the same work follows directly after an identical one then use “Ibid.”, with a page number following only if the page numbers differ from the previous citation.
Books:
Author. Title of Book. Edition. (Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication), page numbers.
Book chapters:
Author. “Title of Chapter.” Title of Book. Edition. (Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication).
Journal articles:
Author. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page numbers.
Articles from a database:
Use a DOI number, if available, or else use the database name or homepage URL, or the full URL to the resource. A stable URL or permalink is preferred.
Author. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page numbers. doi:Digital Object Identifier.
Author. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page numbers. http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxxxxx.
Author. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page numbers. Name of Database or URL.
Website:
Author. "Title of Webpage." Publisher of Website. Accessed date. URL.
Items with multiple authors:
For two to three authors, name each author and place a comma preceding an ‘and’ before the last author’s name:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Anton Hoffmeister, and Muzio Clementi.
For more than four authors, name the first author, followed by ‘et al.’:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart et al